《經濟學人》雙語:印度的森林如何定義?
原文標題:
The environment in India
Seeing green
Is the government overcounting the overstory?
印度的環境
看到綠色
政府是不是誇大了森林?
Forest grumps
India’s government and its greens disagree on what counts as forest
An official report includes plantations and parks in its measure
森林問題
印度政府和環保人士在什麼是森林問題上存在分歧
一份官方報告將種植園和公園納入其衡量範圍
[Paragraph 1]
AT THE COP26 climate summit in Glasgow last year, when more than 100 countries committed to ending and reversing deforestation by 2030, India, home to some of the world’s biggest and most biodiverse forests, demurred.
去年在格拉斯哥召開的COP26氣候峰會上,超過100個國家承諾2030年底結束和扭轉毀林的狀況。然而印度(是世界上一些最大、生物多樣性最豐富的森林的家園)提出異議。
No matter: India’s forests seem to be thriving—at least on paper.
不管怎樣,印度的森林似乎一片欣欣向榮,至少在紙上是如此。
Between 2019 and 2021 India gained 1,540 sq km in forest cover, according to a biennial report published last month by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), a government agency.
根據政府機構印度森林調查局(FSI)上個月釋出的一份報告(該報告兩年發一期):2019到2021年間,印度有1540平方公里的森林覆蓋面積。
Over the past 20 years, says the report, forest cover has grown by 5.7%, or around 40,000 sq km, an area roughly the size of Switzerland.
報告稱,在過去20年中,森林覆蓋率增長了5.7%,約為4萬平方公里,面積大約相當於瑞士的國土面積。
[Paragraph 2]
This should be good news. Forests are a boon for the environment.
這本是個好訊息。森林對環境有好處。
Many of India’s poorest people depend on them for their livelihoods. Yet India’s greens are unimpressed.
印度許多最貧窮的人依靠他們謀生。然而,印度的環保人士對此並不感興趣。
They say the FSI’s definition of “forest” is misleading and has been for the past 20 years.
他們說,印度森林調查局對“森林”的定義具有誤導性,過去20年來一直如此。
Officially, any patch of land greater than a hectare with canopy cover of at least 10% counts as a forest no matter who owns it or to what use it is put.
官方規定,任何面積超過1公頃且冠層覆蓋率至少為10%的土地,無論是誰擁有或用於何種用途,都被視為森林。
By the FSI’s reckoning, tea estates in the hills of east India, cashew plantations on the western coast and parks in the posh suburbs of Delhi, the capital, all qualify.
根據印度森林調查局的估算,東印度山區的茶園、西海岸的腰果種植園和首都德里豪華郊區的公園都符合條件。
The FSI “can’t be accused of favouring only tree-clad areas in counting India’s forests”, M.D. Madhusudan, an ecologist, quipped on Twitter, illustrating his point with a scattering of trees in the scorching desert of Rajasthan, a western state.
生態學家M.D.邁德蘇丹在推特上調侃道,“在計算印度森林面積時,只要樹木覆蓋的地區都算入內,這無可厚非”,他用西部拉賈斯坦邦炎熱的沙漠中散佈的樹木論證了自己的觀點。
[Paragraph 3]
Indeed, almost all the increase in India’s forest cover in the past two years has been driven by growth in plantations.
事實上,過去兩年印度森林覆蓋率的增長,幾乎都是由種植園的增長推動的。
Of the forest added since 2019, only 31 sq km came in “recorded forest areas”, meaning actual forests.
自2019年以來新增的森林中,只有31平方公里屬於“記錄森林面積”,即實際森林。
Global Forest Watch, an online tracker that uses a stricter definition, suggests that forest cover may actually have fallen by 3.4% between 2002 and 2020.
全球森林觀察(使用更嚴格定義的線上追蹤機構)表示,2002年至2020年間,森林覆蓋率實際上可能下降了3.4%。
[Paragraph 4]
The government says its definition aligns with international norms.
政府稱其定義符合國際標準。
It also stresses that every tree, whether in a city, plantation or jungle, provides some ecological benefit.
它還強調,無論是在城市、種植園還是叢林中,每棵樹都能提供一些生態效益。
This is true. Yet quality matters: fully fledged forests, with dense canopies, provide habitats to animals and health benefits to humans.
這是真的。然而,質量也很重要:鬱鬱蔥蔥的森林,茂密的樹冠,為動物提供棲息地,對人類健康有益。
[Paragraph 5]
The real problem may be methodology rather than definitions.
真正的問題可能是方法論,而不是定義。
The FSI report is compiled using data from satellite images, which struggle to see the forests for the trees.
印度森林調查局的報告是利用衛星影象的資料編制的,衛星影象很難看到森林中的樹木。
Raj Bhagat, an expert on remote sensing, says that without rigorous ground-level surveys to supplement the data, the reported change in forest cover is just “noise”.
遙感專家拉傑·巴加特說,如果沒有嚴格的地面調查來補充資料,所報告的森林覆蓋面積的變化只是“干擾的垃圾資訊”。
Moreover, the satellite data are not easily accessible, Mr Bhagat and others complain, thwarting attempts at crowdsourced verification.
此外,巴加特及其他人抱怨,衛星資料不容易獲取,阻礙了大眾的驗證。
Anoop Singh, the FSI’s director-general, insists the methodology is robust, especially given the constraints of time and resources.
印度森林調查局總幹事阿諾普·辛格堅稱,該方法是可靠的,尤其是考慮到時間和資源的限制。
And the data are available for anyone to purchase—at a hefty cost.
任何人都可以花費巨資買到這些資料。
(恭喜讀完,本篇英語詞彙量533左右)
原文出自:2022年2月5日《經濟學人》Asia版塊
精讀筆記來源於:自由英語之路
本文翻譯整理:Irene
本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個人英語學習交流使用
【補充資料】(來源於網路)
COP26氣候峰會:2021年當地時間11月2日,《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第26次締約方大會世界領導人峰會結束,在保護森林問題上邁出了具有里程碑意義的一步。
包括中國、俄羅斯、巴西、哥倫比亞、印度尼西亞和剛果民主共和國等在內的114個國家共同簽署了《關於森林和土地利用的格拉斯哥領導人宣言》,承諾到2030年停止砍伐森林,扭轉土地退化狀況。超過35個國家的領導人支援並簽署了新的《格拉斯哥突破議程》,該議程將促使各國和企業共同努力,在十年內大幅加快清潔技術的開發和部署,並推動成本的降低。
【重點句子】(3個)
Forests are a boon for the environment, they provide habitats to animals and health benefits to humans.
森林對環境有好處,為動物提供棲息地,對人類健康有益。
The FSI’s definition of “forest” is misleading.
印度森林調查局對“森林”的定義具有誤導性。
And the data are available for anyone to purchase—at a hefty cost.
任何人都可以花費巨資買到這些資料。