090 質子的髮型
Discovery of Proton
（https://www.nuclear-power.com/）
質子的發現
Before the discovery of atomic nucleus, there was ideas that all atoms are composed of hydrogen atoms (called by William Prout “protyles“). This hypothesis is known as Prout’s hypothesis. In 1816, he hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only truly fundamental particles, and that the other atoms were actually groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms (protyles). Further important facts were discovered in 1886 by German physicist Eugen Goldstein. He discovered anode rays and showed that they were positively charged particles (ions) produced from gases. In 1907 a study of how these rays were deflected in a magnetic field, revealed that the particles making up the ray were not all the same mass. The lightest ones, formed when there was some hydrogen gas in the tube, were calculated to be about 1840 times as massive as an electron.
在原子核被發現之前，有一種觀點認為所有的原子都是由氫原子（威廉•普魯特稱之為“質子”）組成的。這個假說被稱為普魯特假說。1816年，他假設氫原子是唯一真正的基本粒子，而其他原子實際上是由不同數量的氫原子（質子）組成的。1886年，德國物理學家尤金•戈爾茨坦發現了更重要的事實。他發現了陽極射線，並證明了它們是由氣體產生的帶正電的粒子（離子）。1907年，一項關於這些射線在磁場中如何偏轉的研究發現，組成射線的粒子質量並不完全相同。當電子管中有一些氫氣時形成的粒子質量最輕，計算得出約為電子質量的1840倍。
Following Geiger-Marsden experiments, which were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists discovered that every atom contains an atomic nucleus (whose diameter is of the order 10-14m) lead to the identification of the ‘primitive atom’ . The identification of the primitive atom of positive electricity was first made by the British physicist Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus is present in other nuclei, a result usually described as the discovery of protons. No positively charged atom lighter than these had ever been detected. Furthermore, they never carry more than a single natural unit of positive charge, +e.
繼蓋格-馬斯登實驗之後，這是一個里程碑式的系列實驗，科學家發現每個原子都有一個原子核（其直徑為10^-14m），從而確定了“原始原子”。原始原子的正電性是由英國物理學家歐內斯特·盧瑟福首先發現的。盧瑟福證明了氫原子核存在於其他原子核中，這個結果通常被稱為質子的發現。迄今為止，還沒有發現過比這更輕的帶正電的原子。此外，它們永遠不會攜帶超過一個自然單位的正電荷，即+e。
物質
（待續）
